- Gross Margin
- Revenue minus cost of goods sold, expressed as a percentage of revenue β a primary measure of how efficiently a business produces its product or service.
- Net Profit Margin
- Net income divided by total revenue, expressed as a percentage β the bottom-line measure of profitability after all expenses, taxes, and interest.
- Cash Flow
- The net movement of cash into and out of a business over a defined period; positive cash flow means more cash is coming in than going out.
- Working Capital
- Current assets minus current liabilities β the liquid buffer a business has to fund day-to-day operations without drawing on credit.
- KPI (Key Performance Indicator)
- A quantifiable metric used to evaluate how effectively a business is achieving a specific financial or operational objective.
- Revenue Diversification
- The practice of expanding income sources so no single customer, product, or channel accounts for a dangerously high percentage of total revenue.
- Cost of Customer Acquisition (CAC)
- Total sales and marketing spend divided by the number of new customers acquired in the same period.
- EBITDA
- Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization β a proxy for operating cash generation commonly used to assess business value and compare performance across companies.
- Accounts Receivable (AR) Aging
- A report grouping outstanding invoices by how long they have been unpaid, used to identify cash flow risks and prioritize collection efforts.
- Overhead
- Ongoing fixed and semi-fixed business expenses β rent, utilities, salaries, insurance β that are not directly tied to producing a specific unit of revenue.
- Burn Rate
- Monthly net cash outflow, particularly relevant for startups and businesses operating at a loss while scaling toward profitability.
- Price Elasticity
- A measure of how sensitive customer demand is to a change in price; low elasticity means demand holds steady as prices rise, giving businesses room to increase margins.